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Direct verifiability was (by Carnap, Hempel, and others) substituted through weaker criteria such as (at least indirect) testability (see Carnap 1936/37) or confirmability and disconfirmability (see Hempel 1935 19455; 1950a).
However, in clinical practice, doctors diagnose and treat TB based on weaker criteria such as the presence of acid fast bacilli, caseating granulomata, suggestive radiological findings, or even clinical suspicion.
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Logical falsifiability is a much weaker criterion than practical falsifiability.
Davidson may also be overly demanding in requiring accurate translation between languages as opposed to some weaker criterion of comprehension (see Bar-On 1994; Henderson 1994).
However, this is difficult to assess here, as the pattern of covariance is very complex, with many gene pairs having high zero-order correlation and known existence of circuits in the causality networks, hence our use of the correlation variability matrix, described above, as a (weaker) criterion.
In S. cerevisiae, some three-fourths of proteins meet this weaker criterion but only a small minority the stronger one (Ghaemmaghami et al. 2003).
Allowing this weaker criterion was the only way to consider wild-type mice able to achieve the 80% 90% syntactic completion level that mutant mice successfully achieved through the stronger prototypical form of Phase IV.
If their proposal has weak criteria and large loopholes, it will be impossible for civil society to embrace what can and should be a climate victory for the German government.
This is why in Figure 5 we show all the outliers satisfying relatively weak criteria.
For that reason, we wanted to conserve as many effects on gene expression as possible and set weak criteria for up-regulation: if the highest fold-change (i.e., the difference of log2 values) between two arbitrary time points was larger than 1, then the time profile was discretised to 0 or 1 by k-means clustering (100 iterations, vote of 25 restarts).
Defining employment as having a positive income in a year is a weak criterion because some individuals with a positive income may only work for a small part of the year or may be part-time unemployed.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com