Moderation tests (conducted in 24 studies; see Supplemental Table 2) have tended to show intention to become less predictive of behaviour as habit strength increases, so that, where intention is weak and habit strong, behaviour corresponds with habit and not intention (18 studies, 75% of moderation tests; Gardner et al., 2011).
Certainly its courts are weak, its leaders' habits feudal, its journalists sometimes harassed and its human-rights record far from spotless.
Mean scores suggested weak or no habit for snacking and drinking alcohol, and moderate habits for drinking a second alcoholic drink.
Secondly, participants typically had weak-to-moderate habits for the four behaviours, and so we may have failed to capture problems for those for whom habit is most relevant.
Even in the long run, the link between newspapers' biases and their readers' voting habits appears weak.
After years of outperforming rivals, McDonald's has been struggling to increase sales as it faces intensifying competition, changing eating habits and weak growth in the broader restaurant industry.
One way Olstein did that: by not buying Lucent, Tyco or Enron after concluding that their earnings, balance sheets and/or accounting habits were weak.
But for a nation that desperately needs to kick its borrowing habit, the weak euro could be a bad influence.
Those who have a weak spot towards this habit would advocate moderate consumption at all times, limited to a maximum of fourteen drinks in a week at 12-ounce per serving.
These two elements would work well enough for most cases, were it not for what is often the single weakest factor: human habit.
