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Weak contract enforcement may reduce the efficiency of investment in developing countries.
We find empirical evidence that weak contract enforcement is associated with lower R&D investment: R&D intensity in an industry increases with the quality of the judicial system.
Working within the framework of a new kind of government, the weak contract of states established by the Articles of Confederation, they struggled to forge a stronger form of republicanism.
I test this model and find that buyers preserved their relationships with suppliers in weak contract enforcement countries during the financial crisis for reasons that cannot be explained by cost.
In the second essay, I examine whether firms choose to source from multinational (MNC) suppliers instead of local suppliers as a means of overcoming weak contract enforcement institutions or as a means of accessing supply chain management capabilities.
But reports in 1997 and 2000 by the General Accounting Office, the audit arm of Congress, found weak contract monitoring by the Army contributed to cost increases in the Balkan contract that benefited KBR.
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In the first essay I create a formal model that examines the use of relational contracting by firms to overcome weak contracting institutions in their supply chains.
A powerful union means an empowered worker; a union divided and under siege can mean distracted labor leaders, emboldened employers, an empty strike fund and weak contracts.
In conjunction with the model, these results suggest that relying on relational contracting to overcome weak contracting institutions can reduce a buyer's flexibility in configuring his supplier networks.
State officials blamed the privacy breach on "human error in computer programming". Wood, the state auditor, said North Carolina's tech problems have been the result of "poor planning and poor monitoring". For years, she said, the state has lacked staff who understood complex IT projects, resulting in lax oversight and weak contracts that didn't hold companies accountable for their mistakes.
Poor leadership, weak contracts and poor monitoring are significant threats to the success of programmes such as this.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com