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Cancer cells possess weak antigens for host immune sensitization.
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Adjuvants can therefore be used to improve the immune response to vaccine antigens for several different purposes, i.e. increasing the immunogenicity of weak antigens; enhancing the speed and duration of the immune response; decreasing the dose of antigen in the vaccine to reduce costs or decreasing the number of immunizations [ 15].
Recently, we showed that CpG-ODN formulated with a liquid crystal nanostructure formed by self-assembly of 6-O-ascorbyl palmitate (Coa-ASC16) is an attractive system for promoting an antigen-specific immune response to weak antigens.
Tumor cells have a very low level of MHC class II, costimulatory molecules, and weak antigens.
Through antibody engineering to render Fab binding to antigens pH-dependent (strong binding at pH 7.4 and no or weak binding at pH 6), Igawa et al. created an elegantly designed recycling antibody that directs antigens for lysosomal degradation while ensuring that the mAb is recycled to bind antigen again, thus reducing antigen concentrations (Fig. 2B) (Igawa et al., 2010a, 2013).
These results demonstrated that SWNTs are able to serve as antigen carriers for delivery into APCs to induce humoral immune responses against weak tumor antigens.
The most potent foreign antigens for natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are α-linked glycolipids, whereas NKT cell self-reactivity involves weaker recognition of structurally distinct β-linked glycolipid antigens.
Oncofoetal antigens: for example carcinoembryonic antigen.
Adjuvant efficiency is critical for inducing a protective and long-lasting immune response against weak immunogenic antigens.
Generally, alum is a weak immunostimulant for protein antigens in the mucosal vaccines with few successful reports (Malik et al., 2012).
Results were negative, except for a temporarily weak reactivity for Aspergillus antigen in serum and for CMV DNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes, which was positive before and became negative after ganciclovir therapy.
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