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His next chapter presents "The Basics," how we obtain knowledge from observation, authority, or faith.
The question of how we obtain knowledge of such principles is still an open question in philosophy.
Given that platonism postulates the existence of mathematical objects, the question arises as to how we obtain knowledge about them.
As is well known, Kant's Critique of Pure Reason came under attack immediately after its publication (most notably by Johann Georg Hamann) for not presenting an explicit account of how we obtain knowledge of our transcendental faculties.
Besides the analytic question of what it means to assert that objects exist independently of the mind, metaphysical realism also raises epistemological problems: how can we obtain knowledge of a mind-independent world?
Bertrand Russell (1927, p. 382) held the view that physical theory can reveal only causal structure, or "formal properties" of matter, and that "by examining our percepts we obtain knowledge which is not purely formal as to the matter of our brains".
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Using this assay on different fruit tissues and cultivars, we obtained knowledge concerning gene relevance in allergenicity.
Since the reason for the encounter was not overweight, we obtained knowledge also on parents of normal weight children as opposed to other studies of parents' beliefs about childhood overweight [ 5, 7, 10, 20, 21].
If transcendental realism is the view that we can obtain knowledge of things in themselves, and if Berkeley can be understood as arguing that we know things in themselves to be nothing but concatenations of ideas and the remaining things to be minds, and perhaps God then he can be understood as a transcendental realist.
Given that mathematical objects do not exist, on the mathematical fictionalist perspective, the problem of how we can obtain knowledge of them simply vanishes.
Moral properties and facts, realistically construed, can often seem unpalatably "queer", as Mackie famously expressed it (Mackie 1977, chapter 1, section 9): a realist can seem committed to the existence of metaphysically far out entities or properties and embarrassed by the lack of any plausible epistemic story of how we can obtain knowledge of them.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com