In this paper, we define evidence broadly to encompass published and unpublished research, routine monitoring reports, community complaints, clinician observations, and population-based surveys.
Although many types of "evidence" can help guide clinical practice, [ 1- 3] the randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the standard by which we define "evidence-based" medicine and is the preferred "evidence" when setting guidelines and policies for patient care [ 4- 8].
We then combined epigenetic modification of HFFs with hESC extract treatments and more defined evidence of reprogramming was observed.
Furthermore, such an approach would have lacked the flexibility to review a broad, rather diffuse and poorly defined evidence base which was possible with our more comprehensive approach.
Bowen Zwi et al. also defined evidence broadly to encompass research, opinion and views of individuals or groups, results of consultative processes and published reports and documents [ 13].
Regulators appear to be willing to accept such approaches where use is clearly defined, evidence is strong, and approaches are qualified for regulatory use.
The fact that most respondents defined evidence as a formal entity where legitimate and concrete data are collected and processed could be a reflection of why formal types of evidence (research and survey data and reports, etc).
We defined echocardiographic evidence of cardiac kinetic activity as any detected motion of the myocardium, ranging from visible ventricular fibrillation to coordinated ventricular contractions.
It is also possible that our methods overestimated the prevalence of live cockroach infestations because the presence of dead roaches or feces, which we defined as evidence of a current infestation, may reflect past infestations that were no longer active.
We defined clinical evidence of hypotension as the need for vasopressor agents (norepinephrine, epinephrine, neosynephrine, vasopressin, or ≥5 mg/kg/minute of dopamine) for more than 1h or a systolic blood pressure ≤90 mmHg or mean arterial pressure <70 mmHg for more than 1h despite adequate fluid challenge.
