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In an impassioned statement ahead of the demonstration, the team at KCLSU said: "We work in hospital as part of our training: we bath, feed, administer medication, tend wounds, manage extreme emotions, visit people in their homes, wear our heart on our sleeves, with a smile on our face every day that we go to work.
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First, to test for a role of phosphodiesterases in generating PKA transients in RGCs, we bath applied the non-specific PDE inhibitor IBMX (100 µM) to retinal explants and monitored PKA activity using AKAR3.
We bath applied the drug at the relatively low concentrations of 5 µM (n = 5) or 1 µM (n = 4) while monitoring its effect on the currents activated by the voltage clamp protocols described above.
We bath applied either the NO-donor SNP (200 μM) or the membrane-permeable cGMP-analogue Br-cGMP (50 μM).
To understand which synaptic receptors were involved in triggering bursts, we bath applied Gabazine, APV or CNQX individually.
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To reduce the excitation in the two neuronal networks, we bath-applied the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) (final concentration, 20 µM; TOCRIS).
Next, we bath-applied 10 nM, 100 nM, or 10 µM DA for 5 minutes and continued to evoke Up-states via hippocampal stimulation and/or trains of local EPSPs.
To reduce inhibition, we bath-applied the ionotropic GABAA receptors antagonists picrotoxin (PTX, final concentration, 10 µM; Sigma) and bicuculline (final concentration, 10 µM; Sigma) to leech ganglia and to hippocampal dissociated cultures, respectively.
To determine if LILFU waveforms were capable of activating Ca2+ transients, we bath-loaded slice cultures prepared from wild-type mice with the Ca2+ indicator Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 AM (OGB-1 AM) and Sulforhodamine 101 (to differentiate between neurons and glial cells) as previously described [30].
To determine whether there was any tonic dopaminergic activity affecting the UP states, we bath-applied either 10 μ m SCH23390 or 200 n m raclopride for 40 min to observe the effect on UDS properties.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com