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Because the 2 waves of epidemics had overlapped the adjacent months, we also included increases during these months.
Using data from the 1895 1945 Statistical Abstract of Taiwan (9 ), we compared monthly deaths during the 2 waves of epidemics in 1918 and 1920 with deaths during corresponding nonpandemic periods of the adjacent years.
Duck movement and active trade of products may have contributed to regional HPAI H5N1 spread in Southeast Asia (Thailand and Vietnam) during the first two waves of epidemics, which would explain the higher statistical relationship between duck density and HPAI H5N1 presence as compared to South Asia.
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The native Hawaiian population suffered waves of epidemic disease, including cholera.
Negative effects of the coast trade on the native peoples of the Northwest included waves of epidemic disease, smallpox worst of all.
This finding might be because the density of susceptible animals on the island was high enough to support virus circulation but too low to support waves of epidemic abortion and death.
RNA viruses ensure that they are maintained on a population level by a much higher error rate of the enzymes they use for genome replication and consequent higher levels of antigenic variability, causing waves of epidemic spread as confirmed for bat-borne RNA viruses in this study.
This last famine was as severe as that of 1877 78; it is estimated that at least three million people died of starvation, after which a wave of epidemics increased the death toll still further.
The Black Death, a huge wave of epidemics of bubonic plague, spread across Europe during 1347 1353 CE.
Genetic relationships between the 1918 pandemic strain and strains that caused the clinically mild first wave of epidemics in 1918 and pandemics before 1918 remain undefined (9 – 11 ).
Whatever its cause, this violent outbreak in Lower Artibonite provoked the flight of persons and resulted in a wave of epidemics that spread centrifugally and overwhelmed the nascent sanitarian response.
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