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Comparing Figure 2a and Figure 4, the difference in the GS wavelength might be due to the carrier induced bandgap shrinkage [14] and the thermal induced emission wavelength shift [15 17].
The shoulder at 580 nm in case of 20%% glycerol and broadening of absorption band at higher wavelength might be attributed to the formation of nanoparticles with different geometry or may be due to small aggregation of primary particles, because with time nanoparticles were precipitated out from the reaction mixture.
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Einstein had suggested that light of short wavelengths might under some conditions be observed to behave as if it were composed of particles, an idea that was confirmed in 1923.
The characteristics of multiple wavelengths might cause the multi-modes phenomenon, therefore a method for removing the effect of multiple wavelengths is proposed.
The extreme accuracy at the low (0 3) end of the range indicated that these wavelengths might be used to assess early decline, before visual symptoms are apparent in the field.
It may be speculated that the increasing extension of AN3 with increasing low cut-off wavelengths might be related to an increasing contribution of the underlying two-mica granite revealing typically lower susceptibility (Meller et al. [2014]), but differences between the two in susceptibility are not very high (between about 1 · 10−3 and 7 · 10−3 m3 kg).
Owing to differences in visual capabilities between fish species [ 8– 10], it is reasonable to suspect that different wavelengths might induce different behaviours between teleost and elasmobranch species.
To provide information about wavelength (color), the nervous system must compare the responses of cones that contain different photopigments; this comparison is done by spectrally-opponent cells in the retina – for example, a cone type that is more sensitive to longer wavelengths might excite these cells, while another cone type, more sensitive to shorter wavelengths, would inhibit them.
With the dimension increase of Au NPs, the corresponding absorption peaks shift slightly towards the longer wavelength, which might be attributed to the dielectric constant that becomes size-dependent when particle sizes are much smaller than the wavelength of the exciting radiation [40, 41].
This formulation should be employed in the case that the absorption coefficient at the excitation significantly differs from that at the emission wavelength, which might be the case for wavelengths below 700nm.
Following [32, 33], the effective aperture of an antenna around a half-wavelength long might correspond to a square around a half-wavelength on a side, i.e., (A_{e,text {tag}}=frac {lambda ^{2}}{4 pi }) for an isotropic tag antenna transmitting in a free space, where λ is the related wavelength.
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