For SURVEYOR-WAVE mutation analysis of BRAF, cDNA was amplified in two overlapping amplicons (5′-aggatttcgtggtgatggag-3′, 5′-gatgacttctggtgccatcc-3′, and 5′-gacgggactcgagtgatgat-3′, 5′-ggtatcctcgtcccaccata-3′) covering codons 387 673.
As a consequence, instability of microsatellites occurs which affects in a second wave of mutations components of the WNT-signaling pathway, like the APC-, or the AXIN2-gene and, as shown here in a small group of cases, additionally in the WTX-gene.
These two successive waves of mutations change the general equilibrium between CM and SDL in the two patient sets, leading to different drug development strategies.
Cascade of irreversible processes attributes to profound structural and functional disruption leading to a second wave of gene mutation [ 12].
This effect is contained in the theory of background selection (e.g. in the work of B. Charlesworth), as well as in travelling wave models: deleterious mutations generate fitness variance, which makes the fixation probability of a beneficial mutation strongly background-dependent (Good et al., Distribution of fixed beneficial mutations and the rate of adaptation in asexual populations, PNAS 2012).
The clonal theory of cancer evolution proposes that the cancerous cells in a tumor are the result of multiple waves of somatic mutation and clonal expansion.
Not all Ansel's ideas translate – for instance, serving milk in edible chocolate cookie "glasses" was a bit too Happy Days to go global – but Ansel's cronut inspired a worldwide wave of genetic baking mutations, not to mention a flurry of controversy.
A second wave of beneficial gltA mutations then evolved that reduced CS activity to below the ancestral level.
It shows that the adaptive process is dominated by few co-occurring beneficial mutations of large effect, whereas a stationary wave is maintained by many mutations of smaller effect.
Remarkably, the two H5N1 waves only share one conserved H2H mutation (M2 I28V), while all other mutations involved in the 1997 waves have been replaced by avian variants.
But a new wave of DJs and a further mutation of techno was bubbling beneath the surface that would kick against the big and the beige.
