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Mark could make this arcane observation — I have never heard another surfer even mention wave interval, let alone measure it — with authority, because he has been keeping, since 1969, a detailed record of every time he goes surfing.
He stayed out in the water for four hours (I made the long swim to shore, collected my board, and went home to bed) and measured the wave interval — the time it takes two waves in a wave train (surfers call it a set) to pass a fixed point — at twenty-five seconds.
The pulse wave and blood pressure were observed, and pulse wave interval, wave height and maximum and minimum blood pressures were measured.
Acquiring CT data throughout the entire R-R wave interval is associated with increased radiation dose compared with ECG-gated CT acquisitions limited to either end-systole or end-diastole [39].
For these cases, we perform an ECG-gated cardiac CT angiogram (arterial phase acquisition with approximately 60 mL iodinated contrast), with acquisition throughout the entire R-R wave interval; this allows assessment of the aortic valve and adjacent structures throughout the cardiac cycle, and can demonstrate oscillation of leaflet vegetations if present.
ECG-gated cardiac CT angiography (with full R-R wave interval acquisition) and 18 F-FDG PET/CT are the next imaging modalities of choice, with the latter reserved primarily for patients with a prosthesis that has been implanted for longer than 3 months (Fig. 6) [17].
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When I asked Mark about his ability to keep his wits about him in big surf, to be timing wave intervals in situations where other surfers are struggling with panic, he shrugged, and offered a theory: "I've been taking hits of pure adrenaline all my life, through my asthma inhaler.
Past research has documented prolonged latencies for wave III and wave V [ 8- 13], delayed wave III and prolonged III V wave intervals [ 8], prolonged wave III V interval [ 9] and, prolonged wave III V and I V intervals [ 10, 11].
Reliability and validity aspects and recording methodology of the VU-AMS have been described previously.[ 31] A continuous time series of R wave to R wave intervals is derived on line from a three lead ECG.
For frequency domain analyses of the R-R wave intervals, low-frequency power (LF) was calculated as the power within the frequency range of 0.04 to 0.15 Hz, high-frequency power (HF) was calculated as that within the frequency range of 0.15 to 0.4 Hz.
For frequency domain analyses of the R-R wave intervals, the percent of low-frequency power (LF) was calculated as the power within the frequency range of 0.04 to 0.15 Hz, and the percent of high-frequency power (HF) was calculated as that within the frequency range of 0.15 to 0.4 Hz.
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