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These results show that the wave element varies its wave normal angle during the propagation and that the amount of the variation is within 30°.
The propagation characteristics of the wave element is explained by the properties of ducting whistler-mode waves (Smith et al. 1960).
The leading edge of the wave element propagated over 10° of latitude at t = 10, 000 Ω e 0 − 1 for the density enhancement case (Figure 7b), while the wave element did not reach for the density decrease case (Figure 7f), because of the different ray path lengths of the waveelements.
On the other hand, if the spatial scale of ducts is larger than the gyroradius, the wave element often deviates from the field line and the electrons only interact with a part of the wave element, resulting in the limited time scale of resonant interactions.
Since the wave element is guided along the assumed density structure with slight deviation from the field line, the spectra show an amplitude modulation similar to sub-packet structures of chorus (Santolík et al. 2003).
If the spatial scale of ducts is comparable to the gyroradius of energetic electrons, since the deviation of the wave packet from the field line is small during the propagation, electrons can resonate with the entire wave element of chorus.
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We observed rising-tone chorus wave elements with a gap at half the electron cyclotron frequency.
In the sky lounge on the top deck he points out a curved glass bar that repeats the wave elements.
Trigonometric Finite Wave Elements (TFWE) are finite elements for solving problems in computational optics.
Included are Wave elements with links to police scanner audio, live video footage of the search, a suspect description, and information about local schools on lockdown.
Chorus emissions are a group of coherent wave elements whose frequency varies in time (Santolik et al. 2003, 2014).
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