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The rapid boost up from average stream length ratio is observed in the SB5 watershed, i.e., 1.03, symptomatic the influence of rock types variation and structural control in the development of drainage networks.
Second, the population for many of the countries in the Baltic Sea watershed (i.e., Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Sweden) nearly doubled within 300 years, leading to a change in land use and increased terrestrial nutrient runoff.
Results showed that daily variations of runoff and nitrogen forms were well reproduced throughout watershed, i.e., satisfactory performances for ammonium and nitrate nitrogen (NH4-N and NO3-N) loads, good performances for runoff and organic nitrogen (ON) load, and very good performance for total nitrogen (TN) load.
Where DEPT i is reservoir depth, m, R ti is water residence time (years), and i is the reservoir identification number within a watershed (i = 1, 2, …, n).
In addition, topography controls much of the spatial distribution of wetness in a watershed, i.e., valleys are generally wetter than the drier upland regions.
Integrated management of land, water and biomass resources within a watershed, i.e. in an area or a region which contributes to supply rainfall water to a river or lake, is referred to as watershed management [ 1, 2].
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Application of HL-RDHM to Hanalei watershed required (i) modifying the Hydrologic Rainfall Analysis Project HRAPP) coordinate system; (ii) generating precipitation grids from rain gauge data, and (iii) generating parameters for Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Model (SAC-SMA) and routing parameter grids for the modified HRAP coordinate system.
However, these low spatial-temporal resolution datasets are often difficult to downscale spatially and disaggregate temporarily, and they may not be accurate for local watersheds (i.e., state level or smaller watersheds).
Two-dimensional hydraulic model can simulate the dynamics of surface runoff and accomplish spatial and temporal quantification of flood characteristics on a grid scale over watersheds, i.e., flow velocity and flood duration.
However, the structural complexity of most temperate watersheds (i.e. connections among shallow soils, deep aquifers, the atmosphere and streams) and the dynamic seasonal changes that occur within them (i.e., plant senescence which impacts evapotranspiration) create significant challenges to characterizing or quantifying hydrologic connectivity.
Multi-temporal DoDs of the piedmonts show how they responded to the delivery of elevated sediment yields from the upland watersheds, i.e. by (1) incision of the proximal portion of the piedmont, triggering distal deposition, (2) infilling of the incised channel and avulsion, and (3) incision of the distal portion, creating an incised channel connecting the proximal and distal ends of the piedmont.
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