Animal hoarding involves keeping a large number of animals without providing adequate space, sanitation, food and water, and veterinary care for them.
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This results in extreme overcrowding with dogs and puppies confined in small cages, often with little access to food and water, no veterinary care or opportunities for exercise, fresh air or socialization.
Animals were housed in ventilated cages and provided with sterilized food and acidified water under veterinary supervision.
Much has been written regarding the failure of this larger strategy to affect intended changes (Galaty 1992), however the GR system did gradually increase infrastructure availability for pastoral households, for example leading to the establishment of permanent water points, veterinary facilities and livestock markets.
A structured questionnaire was completed for each individual family of settlement heads, including family composition and labour allocation structure, herd structure and management, housing, stocking rate, nutrition, feeding, watering, health, veterinary treatment, breeding, transportation, management practices, slaughtering, processing and reproduction.
Consequently, camel herds are forced to migrate to areas with limited access to pasture, water, markets and veterinary services.
Elephants extend their range into cattle post areas and arable lands, damaging livestock water resources and veterinary fences that separate cattle from buffaloes.
Among other things, the leskhoz has to provide the land plots agreed on and basic services such as access to water sources and veterinary services for the pasture users.
This shows the need for introducing better cattle management mechanisms such as zero grazing, provision of clean water and improved veterinary services, which may address problems related to disease prevalence when livestock herds compete for scarce sources (mainly for water and grazing areas).
