Example application domains include: public transportation systems, electricity distribution grids, urban water distribution systems, and maintenance of pavement and bridge systems.
Recently, the control system community started to study security of cyber-physical systems both under the methodological point of view and from a more technological standpoint by looking at particular problems arising in, e.g., smart grids, power grids, and water distribution systems.
National critical infrastructures like power plants, grids, water distribution system etc employ a hierarchy of controllers exchanging data over a network.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are a core part of industrial systems, such as smart grid power and water distribution systems.
Examples include smart grids, smart vehicles, and water distribution systems.
An Italian water company in Montodine was losing water and using more energy than necessary in its local distribution grid.
An efficient water management system requires thousands of constraint devices (sensors and/or actuators) to be deployed across the water distribution network to enable near-real time monitoring and control of the water grid components.
This paper covers the five key aspects of the Smart Water Grid system, in relation to both the key operational aspects of a water distribution system (asset management, leak management, water quality monitoring) and the customers' end (automated meter reading and water conservation).
A Smart Water Grid system integrates information and communications technologies (ICT) into the management of the water distribution system.
At least that much again will be needed to expand the distribution grid, provide maintenance and improve distribution.
