The researchers collected specimens found in waters characterised by either elevated or low levels of CO2, and placed them in specially-constructed 'transplantation chambers', which were then lowered into areas both within and away from the volcanic vent.
Secondary plumes, as mapped using this method, represent surface plume waters characterised by moderately elevated TSS with sufficient light and excess nutrients to support elevated phytoplankton growth (thus observable as green water masses).
Their water is characterised with a simple dilution trend indicating mixing with varying amounts of shallow groundwater (Table 1).
A novel PV/T/PCM system that generates electricity, stores heat and pre-heats water was characterised under outdoor conditions in Dublin, Ireland.
A karstic formation consists in a three-dimensional hydrological system which involves horizontal and vertical, diphasic or saturated water transfers characterised by a large range of velocity.
The anodic films, obtained in a sulfuric acid bath and sealed for 60 min in boiling deionized water, were characterised before and after different exposure times by means of: visual inspection; observation with a magnifying glass; and using classic gravimetric techniques.
"Water" was characterised by a river, stream or lake.
NOM in both raw and treated waters was characterised by several techniques including specific UV absorbance (SUVA), high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py GC MS).
The water distributions have been characterised in terms of water film depths and surface water flow rates at a number of locations across the tank surface using techniques described previously by Davies and Nolan (J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. (2004)).
During the first 100 years of European settlement, the management of Sydney's water resources was characterised by minimal planning and arguably contempt for any regulatory regime, culminating in a pandemic of water borne diseases and pollution.
