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The experiments required the production of over 500 liters of water accommodated fraction (WAF), chemically enhanced water accommodated fraction of oil (CEWAF) as well as diluted CEWAF (DCEWAF).
Snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) eggs were exposed to two concentrations of chemically- or physically-dispersed water accommodated fractions of weathered Arabian light crude oil (Low = 0.5 and High = 10 g oil/L water).
This shows that the effect of punctual inputs of the water accommodated fraction of oil on natural phytoplankton communities was very subtle, undetectable on some occasions, and of much lower magnitude than the effects recorded in microcosm experiments.
P. tricornutum was exposed to concentrations of copper (2 μg L−1), cadmium (5 μg L−1), silver (20 μg L−1), simazine (75 μg L−1), the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of weathered crude oil (5 mg L−1), 50 μg L−1 ammonia, a decreased salinity treatment (15‰), and a mixture exposure of ammonia, decreased salinity and cadmium (10 μg L−1).
Most literature studies have compared the toxic effects of chemically and mechanically dispersed oil by comparing the toxicity of low energy water accommodated fractions (LE-WAF) or high energy water accommodated fractions (HE-WAF), with chemically-enhanced water accommodated fractions (CE-WAF).
The transcript profiling of whole omCyp genes has been finished for O. melastigma exposed to water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of Iranian crude oil [ 25, 33].
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The interaction between surface water and ground water is accommodated by a leakage term and is implemented in the model using an iterative Picard-type procedure to ensure mass conservation across the interface between the two systems.
The particles tolerated the addition of remarkably large quantities of liquid water, up to 50% of the dry weight, without upsetting the fluidization characteristics: evidently the water was accommodated within the porous particle structure.
Scientific studies involve stakeholders and while novel approaches in scenario analysis emerge briefly after being introduced in the scientific world in water management approaches as well. 5. From fighting water to accommodating and adapting to water : Since the 1960, awareness raise about potential effects of climate change as a result of scenario studies, and flood events.
We observed several paradigm shifts reflecting the learning process of scientists and policymakers: (a) from flood control to integrated water management, (b) from predicting to exploring the future with integrated scenarios, and (c) from fighting water to accommodating and adapting to water.
From fighting water to accommodating and adapting to water: Since the 1960, awareness raise about potential effects of climate change as a result of scenario studies, and flood events.
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