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Although anaerobic digestion of wastes in surface storage lagoons can effectively reduce or destroy many pathogens, substantial remaining densities of microbial pathogens in waste spills and seepage can contaminate receiving surface- and ground-waters (e.g., Burkholder et al. 1997; Mallin 2000).
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The energy wasted in surface equipment can thus be found from: Delta P_{text{surf}} = Pfrac{{left( {1 - eta_{text{surf}} } right)}}{{eta_{text{surf}} }}, (14 where P is the sum of the hydraulic power and the power losses, and ηsurf is the power efficiency of the surface equipment.
In addition, countries already disposing of radioactive wastes in near-surface facilities have practical schemes in operation for data collection, archiving and preservation.
After alkali treatment (Fig. 4b), the fibrous structure of the sago waste had clearly increased in surface roughness with the formation of pores throughout the structure.
Acidic, metal-rich surface runoff from Penn Mine, primarily from oxidation of sulfide minerals in surface waste piles, affected the Mokelumne River basin after mining began in the 1860's.
In many parts of China, factories and farms dump waste into surface water with few repercussions.
Organic pollutants in surface and waste waters are a common environmental problem.
Specifically, they focused on the biopolymer bovine serum albumin (BSA) [140] and the polysaccharide sodium alginate, taken to be representative of high molecular weight compounds typically found in surface and waste waters.
Before modern techniques for disposing of hazardous wastes were legislated and put into practice, the wastes were generally disposed of or stored in surface piles, lagoons, ponds, or unlined landfills.
Using different existing analytical methods several studies have already identified a variety of drugs in waste-, surface- and drinking water.
Chapman further argued that higher concentration of chloride in surface waters occurs near waste outlets and salt water intrusion.
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