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However, this was found to be insufficient for correct identification because the positions of the markings can vary among different wasps of the same species.
This experiment was conducted on the same dates as Experiment 1, with wasps of the same broods, under similar experimental conditions, and recording the same variables.
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We did not include inheritance rank as a predictor of behaviour in our analyses, because the rank of wasps on the same nest cannot be considered independent, since no position can be occupied by more than one wasp.
We are aware of one other case of repeated adaptive divergence in parasites, in non-pollinating gall-inducing fig wasp parasites [ 31], in which sister species of wasps parasitizing the same fig host species have diverged in their ovipositor length.
Our third major finding is the differential expression in a primitively eusocial paper wasp of some of the same genes and peptides/proteins that are implicated in worker/queen developmental divergence in highly eusocial bees.
Aphid wasps use the same method of provisioning their nests, while squareheaded wasps usually use leafhoppers of one species to provision burrows in decomposed wood.
Wasps like the same types of flowers as bees and butterflies.
For controls, wasps from the same sources were introduced onto leaf disks bearing R− whiteflies, and some wasps were placed directly in ethanol, without exposure to hosts.
Naïve wasps, from the same age and batch as the conditioned wasps, were collected and transferred to rearing vials directly, without exposing them to either hosts or odour.
So, fewer bees are attacked if they mimic wasps; the same applies to wasps that mimic bees.
Like WASP, WIP is also an adapter protein that can interact with various other proteins involved in actin dynamics including WASP and the ubiquitous member of the same family N-WASP as well as cortactin, profilin and actin itself (Anton and Jones, 2006).
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