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The resulting common forward translation was translated back into English by two independent, professional translators whose native language was English.
Then, its Japanese translation was translated back to an English version.
We therefore allowed patients to mark the lines with a cross "X". 3. "Backward" translation by an independent translator The translation mentioned at step 2 was translated back into English by a Dutch orthopedic surgeon.
The Chinese version of the scale was translated back into English to prevent translation errors.
The consensus version was translated back into English by a translator whose native language was English and who was unaware of the original wording of the instrument.
Stage 2. The initial consensus Portuguese version was translated back into English by two bilingual translators.
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The 15-item POPAC was translated, back-translated and culturally adjusted, and distributed to a cross-sectional sample of Swedish acute care staff (n = 293).
The Healthy Doctor = Healthy Patient Questionnaire, already used for a representative sample of U.S. medical schools [ 10, 14], was translated, back-translated and culturally adapted for its use in Colombian medical schools.
Interview questions were identical in both samples and professional translations of structured questions had been translated back into German by the respective translators.
(The original English text was lost; the document is translated back from a French translation).
Therefore the questionnaire had to be translated back and forth by professional translators prior to the data collection.
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