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Attacked for false representation, the bull was subsequently refuted.
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Much of the evidence for evolution has been accused of being fraudulent at various times, including Archaeopteryx, peppered moth melanism, and Darwin's finches; these claims have been subsequently refuted.
15 Meta-analyses of small trials can provide evidence of benefit with what seem to be narrow estimates of precision; however, such reviews have often been subsequently refuted by large trials.
This study adds to the growing list of examples of initial reports of effect modification in individual small studies that were subsequently refuted by large-scale evidence [27], a form of "winner's curse" [28].
With respect to precision, the GRADE guidance notes that meta-analyses of small trials can provide evidence of benefit with CIs that appear to convincingly exclude no effect; however, the results of reviews of such studies have often been subsequently refuted by larger trials.
According to Popper, at any time there may be several competing theories being proposed and subsequently refuted by failed empirical tests—rather like balloons being launched and then shot down, one by one.
However, the other relationships indicated here for the first time cannot be considered established, but serve to formulate hypotheses, which may be subsequently confirmed or refuted (ideally by independent researchers).
He was subsequently fired.
He was subsequently cleared.
He was subsequently arrested.
Monroe was subsequently arrested.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com