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The relation with birthweight was not substantially confounded by any of the measured adult risk factors.
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Third, separately modelling the time to initiation/cessation of surrogate therapy means that - if the results are consistent - we can be more confident they are not substantially confounded.
Thus, if -- as in our case -- the two sub-cohorts give compatible conclusions (i.e. one hazard ratio>1 and one hazard ratio<1), then we can be more confident the results are not substantially confounded.
This relationship was not substantially affected after adjusting for a range of confounding variables (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = [1.02, 1.26]).
Confounding by housing characteristics or other covariates from Table 1 was assessed among long-term residents, and the effect of living within 75 m of a major road was not substantially changed.
This is not substantially troubling.
The arrangement is not substantially different, either.
Only the doctors' community is not substantially in favour.
The results were not substantially affected.
Nonetheless, we did explore the potential confounding by these factors among participants for whom this information was available, but the main results were not substantially altered.
Other results were not substantially altered.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com