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Mini-B was fully resistant to degradation by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in vitro, while CLSE was severely degraded by this enzyme.
Moreover, DEPN-8+1.5% Mini-B was fully resistant to chemical degradation when incubated in vitro with PLA2 (Table 2), while CLSE was severely degraded by this enzyme [30].
According to current CLSI guidelines, 1 isolate (ser. Senftenberg) was fully resistant to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime.
The strain was fully resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin by producing a β-lactamase (cefinase test positive).
All main and interaction effects remained significant when the host Fin, which was fully resistant to the parasite strain Emco, was excluded from the analyses.
E. coli FEK was fully resistant to all β-lactam antimicrobial drugs, including imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, and doripenem (MICs >32 mg/L for all carbapenems).
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We observed a substantial level of resistance to quinolones; 63 strains (67.7%) had an intermediate level of resistance or were fully resistant to nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin.
No commercially available wheat cultivars are fully resistant to FEB and the basis of resistance is complex and major quantitative trait loci (QTL) based (Bai and Shaner [ 5], Buerstmayr et al. [ 6], Jayatilake et al. [ 7], Zhou et al. [ 8]).
Due to the presence of an erythromycin resistance gene in the transposon, both strains are fully resistant to erythromycin (i.e., minimal inhibitory concentration >100 µg/ml).
The proportion of fully resistant to penicillin ERSP isolates was 17.6% in strains harboring erm(B) gene, 20.0% in these carried mef(E) gene, whereas 66.7% of isolates showing the dual resistance mechanism erm(B) + mef(E) were fully resistant to oral penicillin.
When we tested our strains for rifampin resistance using a disk diffusion assay, we found that 11 strains were fully resistant and two were intermediate (supplementary tables S1 and S4, Supplementary Material online).
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