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In the bivariate analysis, the sire covariance was constrained to zero.
To test whether a given correlation between two traits was significantly different from zero, the likelihood of a model in which this correlation was constrained to zero was compared with a model in which the same correlation was estimated.
Using this approach, the maximum likelihood estimates of δ, n, and θ were 0.24 (95% CI 0.13 0.32, Figure 2), 144, and 0.009, with the purifying selection model representing a significant improvement over the fully neutral model (p = 1.2×10−4) where δ was constrained to zero and the estimates of n and θ were 85 and 0.009.
A reduction in ATP production of just 5% was observed when flux through the reaction was constrained to zero and an objective function of maximum ATP production used.
The oxygen is the only electron acceptor; the fumarate uptake rate was constrained to zero, since it was considered as an electron acceptor for the cell to grow under anaerobic conditions [ 34].
Statistical significance of the genetic and environmental covariances was assessed with Log Likelihood ratio tests by comparing a full model with a model in which tested covariance was constrained to zero.
Similar(49)
This time, the entire week on Wall Street was constrained to three and a half days of trading because of the Fourth of July holiday, which fell on Friday and shortened trading on Thursday.
The implementation period was constrained to four months because the final report to the Commonwealth Government regarding the NDHP-4 projects were required in August 2003.
The average duration of the trials in our study was 11 weeks and the longest only 26 weeks; consequently our timeline was constrained to four to 26 weeks.
The maximum distributional range was constrained to three areas and we excluded distributions with unlikely area-connectivity (e.g. Puerto Rico and Western Cuba) in NS1 analysis.
In order to identify the scale, the means of the item parameters were constrained to zero.
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