The test specimens were characterized by techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Functionalization of MWCNTs was characterized by techniques that include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy.
The eggshell-derived catalyst was characterized by using techniques of nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
The catalyst was characterized by different techniques (XRD, FT-IR, FT-IR of adsorbed pyridine, BET, SEM-EDX, TGA and acidity measurements).
The surface morphology of woven fabrics was characterized by SEM technique and shows uniform distribution of nanoparticles throughout the fabric surface.
The HBEPs was characterized by a variety of techniques and the degree of branching (DB) of the HBEPs were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
The activated surface was characterized by means of several techniques (electrochemistry, EIS, SEM, AFM, μ-Raman, XPS).
As a study case, cubic boron nitride titanium nitride composite coating was characterized by use of different techniques for coating cross-section, elemental composition, crystal phases, and adhesion strength.
Compound 2 was characterized by a number of techniques as elemental analysis, UV Vis, fluorescence (in the solid state and in solution), SQUID magnetic susceptibility studies and EPR.
Zr-CTS was characterized by a series of experimental techniques, including SEM, XRD and FTIR.
