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Volume was calculated using the Huber equation.
% scavenging was calculated using the following formula.
ε′ was calculated using the following equation.
Thermal stress was calculated using the ABAQUS code.
Cardiovascular risk was calculated using the Lifetime Risk Score (LRS).
The percentage cell viability was calculated using the Microsoft Excel ®.
The material removal rate was calculated using the Eq. 1.
The flux was calculated using the following equation [29].
The electrical resistivity was calculated using the Eq. (4) [21].
Free radical scavenging activity was calculated using the following formula.
The NP E.E. was calculated using the following equation: E.E.
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