Semmler-Behnke and coworkers demonstrated that intratracheally instilled 18 nm gold nanoparticles are retained in the rat lungs whereas 1.4 nm nanoparticles are being translocated in significant amounts to the secondary organs [26].
Rather, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that DNA segments, in the order of perhaps several tens of bp long are being translocated over the surface of RSC-bound nucleosomes.
An additional limitation is that the measurement of circulating bacterial ribosomal 16S levels by qPCR does not yield information on the specific types of bacteria that are being translocated.
A fraction of ClpC is localized in the stromal side of the chloroplast inner membrane and interacts with the import machinery when a precursor is being translocated [ 10, 15].
As substrate is being translocated through the Rpt ring, the Rpn11 subunit of the 19S RP, which is positioned immediately above the channel through the Rpt ring, scans for ubiquitin chains.
The uncertainty of giraffe taxonomy in southern Africa affects conservation efforts, as individuals are being translocated both within and between different populations and countries across Africa without knowledge of the taxonomical status.
tomato DC3000 (HrpZ1) harpins are capable of being translocated into plant cells of tobacco leaves by the bacterial T3SS [44], [44].
Although a matter of controversy, the SpiC protein was also reported as being translocated by the SPI-2 T3SS, and to interfere with endosomal trafficking [46].
A table of 182 putative Icm/Dot substrates was generated that included: (i) proteins identified in this work, (ii) proteins that had been previously identified as being translocated, (iii) proteins hypothesized to be translocated based on eukaryotic sequence similarities and (iv) paralogs of members of each of these three classes (Table S2).
Correctly folded proteins proceed to further modifications and export, defective ones are retained in the ER and then are unfolded and ubiquitylated while being translocated through the membrane on their way to cytosolic proteasomes [ 30, 71, 72].
