The missing extra has usually been taken to be warrant or justification, and for half a century or so argument has focused on whether "true, justified belief" provides an adequate analysis of knowledge.Mr Williamson rejects this entire way of thinking.
The DR should not be construed as proposing that the hearer accept the speaker's testimony without warrant or justification.
But the epistemic warrant or justification for accepting testimony need not essentially appeal to these other sources.
Traditionally, epistemology has been construed as a normative project whose aim is to clarify and defend conceptions of knowledge, foundations, evidential warrant and justification.
Rather than holding that testimony transmits warrant or justification or knowledge, a weaker claim is that it yields to the hearer only some (pro tanto) epistemic reason to believe the speaker's assertion (Pritchard 2004; Graham 2006a).
In these writings Rorty argues that while "truth" has various important uses, it does not itself name a goal towards which we can strive, over and above warrant or justification.
The nature and standards for warrant or justification for behavior, understood broadly to include belief formation, might depend on whether or not the behavior in question occurs in the context of shared activity.
125 133 134 Certain eligibility criteria warrant explicit justification in the protocol, particularly when they limit the trial sample to a narrow subset of the population.
Although many of the epistemologists taking part in the debate on epistemic transmission and transmission failure speak of transmission of warrant, rather than justification, they all seem to use the term 'warrant' to refer to some kind of epistemic justification.
The complex notion of rationality is intimately tied to requirements of consistency, justification, warrant and evidence for beliefs.
Nevertheless, we will assume that reductionist and anti-reductionists sources of justification (warrant, entitlement) are incompatible in cases of testimonial transmission, which is how they are dialectically presented.
