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For security analyst Thomas Rid, in his bracingly sceptical study Cyber War Will Not Take Place, the "attribution problem" marks the most decisive break between online combat and traditional warfare: "Uncertainty and a lack of orientation are the norm, not the exception".
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But given that the essence of cyber-warfare is ambiguity and uncertainty, gaining clarity and certainty will be exceptionally difficult.
Reports of chemical warfare have been shrouded in uncertainty and become part of the raging propaganda campaigns waged by both sides.
The fact that post-traumatic stress disorder can develop from fear and anxiety raises particular implications in a war like the one in Iraq, where a seemingly straightforward army-versus-army scenario has long been dispensed with, replaced by the uncertainties of guerrilla warfare.
Warfare between bands increased because of uncertainties over rights to territory.
The death toll from the rebels' six-year insurgency is thought to be approaching 4,000, but the uncertainties inherent in guerrilla warfare have been intensified by restrictions on journalists' access to the battlefields.
After the war, factors such as an unstable peacetime economy, McCarthyism, and the looming threat of atomic warfare manifested themselves in a collective sense of uncertainty.
The disparate results in two corners of North Africa over the weekend served as a reminder of the uncertainties and dangers inherent in any form of warfare.
Sustaining the uncertainty and the rivalry would not necessarily cause it to devolve into "warfare".
Before Henry's father Henry VII ascended the throne, England was beset by civil warfare over rival claims to the crown and Henry wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession.
Besides this business founders suffer from the constant political uncertainty generated by a combination of ambitious new legislation, such as Obamacare, and ideological trench warfare.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com