Professor Kazin, who teaches history at Georgetown and co-edits Dissent, recalled, too, that "for the anti-war militants who flooded into S.D.S. after 1965, participatory democracy seemed too hazy and abstract both in meaning and application to guide a revolution".
The drone attack on Mr. Mehsud is part of a joint war against militants in Pakistan's tribal areas, where C.I.A. drones pound militants from the air as Pakistani troops fight them on the ground.
Similarly, any laxity in prosecuting the war against militants in the tribal areas bordering Afghanistan would hurt relations with America, Pakistan's most important benefactor.
Algeria, which waged a brutal war against militants in its own country, has one of the strongest militaries in the region and an active intelligence service.
Gaza rocket fire has tapered off significantly since the 2014 war when militants fired thousands of rockets and mortar rounds into Israel.
According to an authoritative report written by Jeffrey A. Dressler of the Institute for the Study of War, Haqqani militants "repeatedly targeted road construction projects which, if completed, would provide greater freedom of movement for Afghan and coalition forces".
During the war, Gaza militants have fired more than 3,800 rockets and mortar shells at Israel, while Israel has launched about 5,000 air strikes at Gaza, the military said.
While Mr. Zardari has been receptive to American overtures, championing the war against militants far earlier than any of his political opponents, his weakness has hobbled his ability to effectively defend the American policies he supports, like last year's large American aid package.
The military, preoccupied by a war against militants and reluctant to assume direct responsibility for the economic crisis, has made clear it is not eager to take over the government, as it has many times before, military officials and politicians said.
But as Mr. Hadi tries to assert his new authority and reorganize Yemen's fractured military, which is engaged in a war against militants with Al Qaeda in the country's south, the transfer from one military commander to another turned out to be far less smooth than it appeared.
