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Secondary outcomes included: passive dorsiflexion with lower torques (3, 5, 7 and 9 Nm); spasticity; the walking item of the Functional Independence Measure; walking speed; global perceived effect of treatment; and perceived treatment credibility.
For this reason only one stair climbing item and one walking item were kept.
For example, the worst level of the walking item was described as being able to walk only a few steps or using a wheelchair.
These are flexion of the knee during early stance (item 9) and posture of the trunk during walking (item 2) (for both: ICC = 0.33).
The ADL is useful in the management of AD but the walking item may not be sensitive to small but significant changes.
To our knowledge, no study has previously reported the longitudinal change in mobility using the walking item of the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale in people with AD and investigated their predictors in community-dwelling AD patients.
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The former is where items are linked in some way, such as a series of walking items reflecting increasing distances.
Table 4 shows the category thresholds, item locations and mean square error statistics for the remaining 35 items (15 Walking items, 10 UDS items, 7 BP items and 3 CLP items).
As in the CTT analysis, due to the assumption of local independence the sets of stair and walking items were analysed separately.
Although differing methods were employed to develop the EMS, HABAM and PPME, each of these instruments consists of bed transfers, chair transfers, balance and walking items.
Therefore, standard DIF analysis indicated that Walking items and CLP items measured different domains and DIF/DBF analysis revealed that Walking was the core dimension of the mobility construct and CLP was a secondary dimension that produced DBF.
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