In Table 2 of the manuscript originally published online, the waist-difference values for women were incorrect.
After adjustment for lifestyle variables in early adulthood, birthweight and waist circumference, the difference in HDL levels between offspring of smokers and non-smokers reduced from −2.10 mg/dL (95% confidence interval: −3.39; −0.80) to −1.03 mg/dL (−2.35; 0.30).
After adjustment for either BMI or waist, the slope difference between early-onset male case and control subjects was attenuated to nonsignificant (P > 0.1), while the steeper decline among female case subjects compared with control subjects remained almost the same (−0.95% per year for BMI and −0.92% per year for waist adjustment) (Table 3).
After adjustment for lifestyle variables in early adulthood (leisure time physical activity, intake of fat, diet pattern and tobacco smoking), birthweight, and waist circumference, the difference in HDL levels between female offspring of smokers and non-smokers reduced from −2.10 mg/dL (95% confidence interval: −3.39; −0.80) to −1.03 mg/dL (−2.35; 0.30) (Table 4).
After adjusting for BMI and waist circumference, significant differences remained between the groups in relation to IL-6, TNF-α, and E-selectin but disappeared in the case of VCAM-1.
Differences in waist measurements were consistent with weight differences.
The anthropometric, body composition and biological characteristics of the participants are summarized in Table 1.> -wrap-foot> Dare are N and/or means ± SD * P-value < 0.05; ** P-value < 0.001 for sex difference aWHtR (waist to height ratio) bWHR (waist-to-hip ratio) BMI Z Score was the most accurate single predictor of fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA IR, QUICKI, leptin and resistin.
Our results revealed a significant sex-related difference in waist circumference and BMD, such that the negative correlation between waist circumference and lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD was greater in males than in females.
Finally, in the formal test of the interaction between study site, race and age, we found that the racial differences in waist circumference growth did not significantly differ among the three study sites (data not shown).
In early-onset males, the attenuation was substantial with adjustment for BMI or waist circumference (from a difference of 18.8% to 10.5 and 11.1%, respectively); neither of the adjusted differences were statistically significant.
By using factor analysis and correlation analysis, we found that the height, the waist girth, and the difference of hip-waist are crucial dimensions to represent lower body shape.
