Cultured hESCs have been reported to acquire genetic and epigenetic changes that make them vulnerable to transformation and neoplastic transformation even without harboring any chromosomal abnormalities [33].
A small number of tumours consisted of the 'forbidden' V beta 11 phenotype, showing that cells vulnerable to transformation could escape negative selection.
Urothelial cells that are null for both p53 and Rb are therefore much less capable than those defective for Rb only to mount an apoptotic response following treatment with genotoxic agents such as BBN and are more vulnerable to transformation.
With regard to false memories, it has been assumed that the semantic memory system is less vulnerable to involuntary transformations and distortions than the episodic memory system [ 7].
Over the past century, Aboriginal populations living in northern communities have become increasingly vulnerable to the transformation of local culture and society, including a significant shift from a primarily subsistence way of life [ 47].
Precise regulation of the signals that control proliferation vs. apoptosis is therefore critical for ensuring the proper differentiation of thymocytes that may be particularly vulnerable to oncogenic transformation during this highly dynamic phase of T cell development.
We have demonstrated for the first time that Hes1 potentiates T cell lymphomagenesis, by up-regulating a subset of Notch target genes and by causing an accumulation of ISP thymocytes particularly vulnerable to oncogenic transformation.
Taken together, we interpret these findings to indicate that pRB responds to anti-growth signals to act as a barrier to initial tumor formation by inducing cell cycle arrest; loss of this anti-growth pathway leaves mammary epithelial cells vulnerable to oncogenic transformation caused by p53R172H.
The breast epithelium is thought to proliferate rapidly during the period between menarche and first pregnancy and therefore to be especially vulnerable to malignant transformation (Russo and Russo, 1980).
Our previous studies showed that cells in the earliest part of the S phase of the cell cycle are most vulnerable to malignant transformation by chemical carcinogens [ 52- 54].
We have identified a cooperative effect of loss of BRCA1 with gain of EGFR expression that leads to increased clonal proliferation of MECs and may render these cells vulnerable to malignant transformation.
