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Despite their effectiveness, they are vulnerable to rating fraud, a phenomenon wherein raters benefit themselves by creating biased ratings (Cai and Zhu 2015; Mayzlin et al. 2014).
However, it is vulnerable to rating fraud.
However, rating systems are vulnerable to rating fraud, which may mislead the customers' purchasing decisions and further affect their motivation for future interaction.
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They are the ones who are vulnerable to rate shock.
And the index of just long-term Treasury bonds, which are more vulnerable to rate increases, fell even more -- 10percentt.
The exposure to Treasuries, which cannot be completely avoided, has been adjusted to make the fund less vulnerable to rate increases.
Manufacturers with big financial subsidiaries are also vulnerable to rate rises.
Commerce, however, has a huge investment in mortgage-backeds, leaving it very vulnerable to rate hikes (see FORBES, Mar. 31, 2003).
His integrated branding made shows less vulnerable to ratings dips, keeping ad rates steady in tough times.
However, current reputation systems are vulnerable to fraud rating and the detection of fraudulent raters is difficult since they can behave strategically to camouflage themselves.
Most of the loans carry adjustable rates, which are vulnerable to interest rate fluctuations, they say.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com