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Reference is commonly made to communities and households being left more "vulnerable" than in the past with greater "vulnerability" to shocks and stresses.
Much of the problem has been Brazil's vulnerability to shocks imported from around the rest of the globe.
Vulnerability to shocks was examined in the control, the dilated ventricles, and in the dilated ventricles that also incorporated currents through SAC as a function of local strain, by constructing vulnerability grids.
We will discuss below how these inequalities lead to differing degrees of vulnerability to shocks.
PPR negatively affects livelihoods through diminished and complete loss of incomes and increased vulnerability to shocks as reported during the PPR outbreak in Kenya (FAO 2009a, b).
Vulnerability to shocks: Workers living in or near poverty may not be able to afford being unemployed for a period of time and thus forgo the risk of finding new jobs (Smith 1776).
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The study aimed to map the Nairobi beef, sheep and goat systems structure and flows to identify deficiencies and vulnerabilities to shocks.
Indeed, for a low-income person, usually the beneficiaries of microcredit for the implementation of microprojects, microinsurance paves the way for better risk management and helps reduce vulnerabilities to shocks.
For households with the financial means to pay for care when hit by shocks, such contracts reduce vulnerability to financial shocks and poverty.
As Kose, Prasad, and Terrones state, "While there appears to be a general consensus that openness to trade flows stimulates domestic growth, it is also the case that such openness increases the vulnerability to external shocks".8 To the extent that external and internal shocks are not negatively correlated, a greater vulnerability to external shocks implies more output volatility.
Ensuring access to basic services – free vaccinations, clean water, proper sanitation – reduces vulnerability to these shocks and helps families maintain a minimum quality of life in the midst of shocks to their livelihoods.
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