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Glyphosate has been shown to impair soil microbial communities in ways that can increase plant vulnerability to pathogens [36 38], while also reducing availability of certain soil minerals and micronutrients [39].
"Suppressed immune function can lead to increased vulnerability to pathogens, but enhanced immune function can be detrimental as well, leading to hypersensitivity reactions, allergy, and autoimmune reactions".
Transgenic technology promises to facilitate the genetic selection process by directly modifying the undesirable genetic traits that confer vulnerability to pathogens or introducing specific genes that are related to resistance to fish pathogens into fish [ 1].
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The framework used here considering and proactively addressing social vulnerability in exposure to pathogens, susceptibility to disease once exposed, and consequences of illness should be applicable across national and subnational settings.
Sex and gender differences can affect exposure to pathogens, vulnerability to infectious diseases, health seeking behaviours and immune responses to pathogens, resulting in differences between males and females in the incidence, duration, severity and case fatality rates following an infection [ 1, 2].
These findings suggest potentially important time periods during which vaccination may result in biased immune responses, or particular windows of vulnerability to specific pathogens.
Does the presence of lactase increase vulnerability to certain pathogens?
An immature skin barrier and frequent exposure to skin-disrupting procedures further contribute to their vulnerability to nosocomial pathogens.
This inadequate coverage is critical because our findings show that young infants can be affected by malaria and subsequently become anemic, which would also potentially increase their vulnerability to other pathogens (32 ).
Thus, documenting louse transfer permits assessment of host vulnerability to vector-borne pathogens.
Yet, this IC1270-inducible ISR response seems to act as a double-edged sword within the rice defense network as induced plants displayed an increased vulnerability to the necrotrophic pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Cochliobolus miyabeanus.
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