Therefore, air and seawater temperature data were used from observations on the platforms (if available) or from Voluntary Observing Ships.
More recently, in support of climate research, 20 years of data from the ocean vessel P ("Papa") was compared to nearby voluntary weather observations from mobile ships within the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set to check for biases in mobile ship observations over that time frame.
Medication administration errors can also be prevented by voluntary reporting, direct observation, manual chart review, and computerized techniques [ 17].
We used a comprehensive strategy involving the use of direct observation, voluntary and prompted reporting, as well as daily chart reviews.
There are 567 firm-year observations of voluntary adopters, and German GAAP firms adopting the German Accounting Law Modernization Act on a mandatory basis are used as the control group.
Most adverse event reporting systems rely on voluntary reporting of clinical observations and therefore are sensitive to many biases.
One study used direct observation without voluntary incidence reports [ 16].
In line with our results, vegetative output such as respiration rate, devoid of voluntary control, was modulated during observation of an effortful action [13,40,41].
Similar observations have been observed with oral exposure to PCBs in mice, which interestingly, could be reversed with voluntary exercise (Choi et al. 2013).
The data stem from a continuous and voluntary multi-country web survey, extracting 673,898 observations for the years 2008 2013 from 86 countries.
Data gathered by means of questionnaire surveys rely on observations of a number of voluntary participants and may be biased in various ways.
