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The latency of saccades in pre-adaptation was submitted to a two-way ANOVA testing the "visual masking" (mask vs no-mask) and "saccade type" (reactive vs voluntary) factors.
This system eliminates animal voluntary factors and measures muscle functionality.
The later two assay systems are conducted under anesthetic condition, hence eliminate voluntary factors during force measurement.
According to Bhattacharya et al. [ 38] voluntary factors responsible for intentionally delayed subsequent pregnancies include social and financial factors such as lifestyle, age, educational attainment and lack of a partner.
We did not exclude individuals using inhalation steroids or with certain lifestyle habits such as heavy smoking, being sedentary, being athletic, or having a high or low calcium intake, which are examples of voluntary factors that may have some impact on bone metabolism.
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These theories have noticeable weaknesses, however: firstly, that non-voluntary factors can affect behaviour [ 23]; devoting time to conscious deliberation regarding a repeated choice also seems uneconomical [ 22].
Because participation in service screening is voluntary, selection factors related to both the likelihood of being screened and the risk of dying from cancer may confound the estimates of efficacy.
The interpretation of results from most of the in-vivo assays is complicated by inherent variability and is limited by uncontrollable voluntary behavioral factors and in many cases, requires training and acclimation [ 30, 31].
This system measures muscle force on anesthetized animals, which eliminates the voluntary behavior factor and enables measurement of the functional output of the leg muscles.
Happiness is a fundamental object of human existence, 1 so much so that the World Health Organization is increasingly emphasising happiness as a component of health. 2 Happiness is determined by a complex set of voluntary and involuntary factors.
In the mask condition, the rate of occurrence of corrective saccades was submitted to two-way ANOVAs with the "saccade type" factor (reactive vs voluntary) and the "target duration" factor (15 ms vs 50 ms vs 100 ms vs 800 ms).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com