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IRC's new sanitation assessment tool offers a simple representation of the volumes of sludge safely (and unsafely) dealt with at each stage of the sanitation chain, allowing city planners to determine where the biggest losses are and where to focus their (often limited) budgets.
One of the most viable alternatives, Zeolite A, produces greater volumes of sludge which cannot be recycled in the same manner as phosphorus in sewage sludge can be used as a fertiliser in agriculture.
Conventional water treatment consumes large quantities of coagulant and produces even greater volumes of sludge.
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A thickener can reduce the total volume of sludge to less than half the original volume.
Wastewater treatment plants produce annually a great volume of sludge.
But due to the generation of large volume of sludge, this option has its own drawbacks.
Nevertheless, these chemical coagulants have disadvantages, which include large volume of sludge resulting in huge disposal cost, not being effective in low-temperature water, and high procurement cost.
The conventional treatment of dark coloured textile wastewater using chemical coagulation generates large volume of sludge, which requires further treatment and disposal.
However, these traditional coagulants have several disadvantages, which include: large volume of sludge [7]; dissolution of metals/constituents into after treatment sludge, under performance and corrosiveness at lower pH and pKa (dissociation constant of a solution) [8].
In practice it has proved to be advisable to prepare a larger volume of sludge inoculum (approx. 10 l) in order to be able to carry out a large number of tests at the same time.
The treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater using alum coupled with PACl as coagulants enhanced the reduction removal of turbidity and COD and produced a lower volume of sludge compared to the results obtained when the coagulants were used alone.
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