Over the years, we have conducted a series of long-term animal experiments in which we tested different tidal volumes (dynamic strain), transpulmonary pressure (dynamic stress), and levels of PEEP (static strain and static stress) [14, 15].
Panels a and b of Fig. 4 show that out of the 38 animals which had similar total end-inspiratory volumes, within the limits of inspiratory capacity, the 20 that finally died had significantly larger tidal volumes (dynamic strain) than the 18 that survived (32.2 ± 13.3 mL/kg and 24.7 ± 10.4 mL/kg, P = 0.03).
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The pigs underwent a 54-h mechanical ventilation with a global strain ((tidal volume (dynamic) + PEEP volume (static))/functional residual capacity) from 0.45 to 5.56.
Further energy is added when tidal volume (dynamic cyclic energy) is superimposed on the PEEP to reach a given end-inspiratory volume.
The dynamic effects of the empty volume in the Autochem device on the experimental measurements were rigorously handled through separate empty-volume dynamic tests.
Sixteen pigs [15] were treated with a global strain of 2.5 resulting from different proportions of tidal volume (dynamic strain) and volume due to PEEP (static strain) to investigate the protective effect of PEEP.
Liu et al., 1997 [5] Analysis of audio for scene classification of TV programs Silence ratio, volume std, volume dynamic range, 4 Hz freq, mean and std of pitch difference, speech, noise ratios, freq.
We believe that the energy/power concept, which encompasses stress, strain, frequency, and flow rate, explains the different effects of tidal volume (dynamic), PEEP (static), and the physical thresholds conditioning the appearance of VILI.
We hypothesized that a peak airway pressure of 40 cmH2O (static strain) alone would not cause additional injury in either the normal or acutely injured lung tissue unless combined with high tidal volume (dynamic strain).
Hence, a detailed understanding of the dynamic behavior of RAC systems is beneficial to future charge analysis and model-based control design, and then a system-level finite-volume dynamic model was developed in this paper.
