Indeed, Smith and Perner found that their higher volume group received significantly less volume of nutrition compared with the lower volume group (2.9 l vs. 3.4 l) [ 1]; the addition of nutritional fluids could alter the results and their interpretation.
The energy deficit occurs especially in the first days after admission, when targeted volume cannot be administered due to retention, slow increase of nutritional volume towards the targeted volume, hemodynamic instability and diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
A review of the literature highlighted that most nutrition support provided for geriatric patients is based on the provision of a standard volume of commercial oral nutritional supplements rather than individualised therapy [ 21].
All patients who responded to and completed 8 weeks EEN orally were universally encouraged to continue a smaller volume of maintenance enteral nutrition to maintain/optimise nutritional status as well as potentially providing a role in prolonging disease remission.
To calculate energy expenditure from ventilator-derived volume of carbon dioxide and nutritional respiratory quotient (EE:VCO2), the average 24-h VCO2 (ml/min) was used.
Thus, the intensity and volume of the exercise and nutritional guidelines appear to be sufficient to maintain fat-free mass in individuals engaged in weight loss programs.
It is usual in our intensive care unit that when infusion induced or aggravated hyponatremia to add urea, while maintaining the same volume of liquid administration (liquid nutritional support, medication, and so on).
All subjects not receiving a nutritional supplement were given an equal volume of a substantially less nutritive (41 kcal), artificially sweetened, strawberry-flavoured liquid containing 97.5% of carbohydrates, 1% lipids and 1.5% proteins (Vitadrink® manufactured by Habiron).
