Injection rate used for the three experimental protocols was determined proportionally on the basis of the calculated volume of contrast material.
The injection rate and volume of contrast medium were not patient tailored, which may also affect diagnostic accuracy.
In the final regression analysis, we included the type of patient, volume of contrast, use of ACEIS and glucose and hemoglobin levels.
where C k is the spatiotemporal volume of contrast values and I k is the spatiotemporal volume of luminance values in frequency channel k.
The baseline serum creatinine level and age were significant predictors of renal injury, but hypertension, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, vascular disease, the volume of contrast agent injected or baseline values of urinary variables did not predict nephrotoxicity.
Outcome measures included procedural length, fluoroscopy use, volume of contrast media, and complications including myocardial infarction, stroke, arrhythmia requiring defibrillation or pacemaker placement, pulmonary edema requiring intubation, and vascular complications.
Contrast extravasation should be considered if the power injector demonstrates unexpected rapid drop in pressure or exceeds the pressure limit with sudden decrease in flow rate before the full volume of contrast is administered to the patient.
The optimal timing for the contrast-enhanced phases depends on the volume of contrast material, the administration rate and the individual's cardiac output these factors mandate a delay time between the start of the contrast introduction and the beginning of the scan [3].
Flow rate of more than 4 ml/s using an 18-G cannula has been suggested for PE exams [20, 21] A lower volume of contrast and iodine dose can be administered using a higher concentration (350 mg iodine/ml vs 300 mg/ml) [22].
We estimate a propensity score considering: type of hospital and patient, age, chronic kidney disease, baseline serum creatinine, APACHE II, serum creatinine at time of contrast administration, volume of contrast, glucose and hemoglobin at time of contrast administration, vasoactive therapy, NSAID, ACEI and shock.
In general, an injection rate of 1.5 ml/s provides arterial imaging with high vessel to background contrast; this can be improved by increasing the injection rate, but similar to CTA, this reduces the available time window to acquire the scan for a fixed volume of contrast.
