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The system is tested for dc-link reference voltage, load and input voltages variations, respectively.
The paper focuses on detailed transient analysis of current density (J), power density (P), fuel utilization (FU) and electrical conversion efficiency after a step change of voltage (load).
Stepped vertical comb drive actuators and thinned torsion springs are used to enlarge the maximum deflection angle under the relatively low voltage load.
The simulation and experimental analysis are carried out in reasonably wide ranges of the DC voltage, load and rotor speed, including the case of a variable rotor speed.
With this merit, the operating performances in the wave power generation, such as the output voltage, load capacity and power factor can be improved.
The drawback of the scheme is the necessity of an extra voltage regulator or DC/DC converter between the system and a constant voltage load.
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The overshoot or undershoot phenomena become more obvious with larger voltage loading variations.
Exactly how flow field design and voltage loading affect the transient characteristics of the PEMFCs are examined.
The DMFC performance degradation under cyclic voltage loading (on off) mode is much more severe than that of continuous voltage and current operation, while there is little difference between continuous voltage and current mode designs.
Comprehensive and systematic direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) membrane electrode assembly (MEA) lifetime tests are presented under a wide range of operating conditions including constant voltage, constant current, constant power, and cyclic voltage loading.
d Output current for biased voltage loaded on the source and drain electrode, respectively.
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