The isolates were identified as M. microti of the llama and vole types, according to spoligotype patterns.
The llama-type (presence of spacers 4 7, 23, 24, 26, 37, 38) and the vole-type (only 2 spacers, 37 and 38) have been well described; both types are involved in human infections (5, 7 ).
All voles were typed for 10 microsatellites to assess neutral genetic diversity.
Protected wildlife species found in the Glenrothes area include red squirrels, water voles and various types of bats.
This is the first time that field population of Brandt's voles have been typed at the MHC region, we have made every effort to initially ensure that PCR primers do actually amplify single expressed products to clarify that subsequent analysis based on genomic DNA is appropriate [ 80].
The magnitude of this edge effect varied depending on crop type, season and vole abundance (density-dependence). Cereal crops were characterised by a stronger edge effect than alfalfas or fallows (with abundance 8 10 times higher in margins than in fields during spring and autumn).
A total of 13 different DOV1 sequence types were obtained; all infected voles yielded the same sequence type, whereas infected deer yielded 5 different sequence types, and infected host-seeking ticks yielded 9 different sequence types.
The marked substructure among PUUV from different localities, together with the high level of variability and the appearance and disappearance of apparently only slightly different sequence types in local vole populations, offers the opportunity to develop strain distribution maps.
These analyses were run together and separately for two types of mtDNA, bank vole - GLA and red vole - RUT (the latter group included haplotypes found both on bank voles and red vole specimens).
Persistence of Puumala virus types in the Astrup vole population for each genome segment and for the three segments concatenated.
