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This is the first serious eruption of the volcano chain since 1960, when the area was hit by a massive earthquake.
Additional low-wave speed anomalies were identified in the northern part of the Boso Peninsula (D in Fig. 12a) and along the volcano chain at a depth of 40 km (E in Fig. 12a).
The highest peaks are found in the Virunga volcano chain in the northwest; this includes Mount Karisimbi, Rwanda's highest point, at 4507 m.
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However, some hotspot volcano chains are not easily explained by this simple model, suggesting that a more complex interaction between plumes and the upper mantle is at play, said the study authors.
These previous studies argue that shallow arc volcano chains, including the Tonga arc of this study located north of the Kermadec arc, may lead to substantial submarine DFe enrichments.
Inset shows location with respect to Central America and the Central American Quaternary volcanic chain (volcano locations from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program and Country boundaries from DIVA-GIS).
The next active volcano in the chain, Sabancaya, is in Peru, a distant 1600 km to the south.
The oldest volcano in the chain, Meiji Seamount, perched on the edge of the Aleutian Trench, formed 85 million years ago.
Volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands arise from the Hawaii hotspot, and as the youngest volcano in the chain, Lōihi is the only Hawaiian volcano in the deep submarine preshield stage of development.
The speed of the plate can be inferred from the increase in age of the volcanoes along the chain relative to the distance between the islands.
Although eruptions of this youngest volcano of the Hawaiian chain have not been directly observed, seismographs detected swarms of earthquakes at shallow depths beneath the summit of Lō'ihi in 1971 72, 1975, and 1996.
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