Discusses relevant topics of contemporary interest, e.g., geoengineering and weather modification and volcanic effects.
The authors input the results into computer models and compared the calculations to models that ignored volcanic effects.
The heavy dashed line is the average predicted temperature including updated influences from a decrease in solar energy, human emitted heat-reflecting particles, and volcanic effects.
Most model projections of the twenty-first century, however, under-sample future volcanic effects by not representing the range of plausible eruption scenarios2,3,4.
But the evidence for an extraterrestrial impact is so strong that it's a waste of time to try to explain away that evidence as volcanic effects.
Industry officials said travelers in Iceland might be covered under clauses for natural disasters if the volcanic effects washed away roads there.
The Bayesian approach provides a framework to quantify the magmatic causes in terms of volcanic effects (i.e., eruption and unrest).
The thermal images have not been corrected for atmospheric or volcanic gas effects, and actual surface temperatures may be higher than the apparent temperatures shown here.
However, although instrumental effects can occur during volcanic processes, the effects have never been quantified until now.
