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POA and VOCs are released from various biogenic, biomass burning, and anthropogenic sources [ 10]; SOA formation occurs via many reaction pathways that convert VOCs into low volatility species [ 11].
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Lowered vaporization enthalpies over mixtures, and for very low-volatility species, have been observed also before with the same instrumental setup and with other measurement techniques.
In addition to UFP formation by direct emission, recent studies show that photochemically driven atmospheric reactions lead to the formation of low-volatility species at ambient temperature.
Different types of volatile species (combustion gases, high or moderate volatility and the size of the molecules) have shown different characteristics.
Also emitted are volatile species including ammonia and formaldehyde and submicrometer particles that contain amines and low-volatility degradation products.
This assumption is only reasonable for low-volatility organic species.
Our current understanding of atmospheric nanoparticle processes suggests that growth of these particles to larger sizes within the UFP mode occurs by condensation of low-volatility organic species.
Solid sample decomposition, organic and inorganic fluorine compounds, volatility of fluorine species are problems which deserve a special attention.
This model also includes intermediate volatility gas phase species (IVOCs), which are not typically measured or included in standard models, as precursors for measured SOA.
This reversible structure transformation is discussed in relation to reactivity and volatility of Ge oxide species.
The rate constants calculated for AC (Table 5) with the compounds examined in this work show a general trend to increase with decreasing volatility of the adsorbing species; indicating that the vapour pressure of a compound influences the extent to which AC can remove it from a smoke stream.
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