Another factor that appears to have an intervening role in the impact of the terms of trade on the REER is the countries' financial integration with the world, which appears to diminish the volatility of terms-of-trade shocks (Al-Abri 2013).
They found that an improvement in the commodity terms of trade increased output but the volatility of the terms of trade had a negative effect on the primary product exporters.
The benefit of PCD consists in accounting for market uncertainty and prices/costs volatility of OPEX terms.
The remainder goes into intermediate-term government bonds (because of the increased volatility of long-term bonds, Bengen sees no additional value in them) and, as a further inflation hedge, gold.
INTEREST RATES One way of gauging the extent of financial-market turbulence in emerging economies is to look at the volatility of short-term interest rates.
The second set of variables, risk indicators, include such financial market factors as the volatility of short-term interest rates and currency and equity markets.
Sub-Saharan African countries have experienced these problems for decades: crowding out of higher-value-added activities, pro cyclical macroeconomic policy, an unsustainably rapid depletion of resources, and high volatility in terms of trade.
The impact or even hint of change in its ratings "causes serious volatility in terms of how our company is viewed in the equity markets," Brown says.
This paper reports the physical properties, including size distribution, volatility (in terms of number and mass), surface diameter, and agglomeration of particles emitted from HDDV retrofitted with advanced emission control devices.
We conclude that there has been much less volatility, in terms of recent gene birth and death, in the evolutionary histories of these two families of pheromone genes than in the Abp family.
