Our experiments reveal that cabbage seedlings also show such a positive response to the density of CWB caterpillars (Figure 4a): with an increase in CWB density, the total amount of all induced volatiles together increased significantly and the amounts of some induced volatiles increased, two significantly (Figure 4a) and one almost significantly (limonene, see Table S4).
We used a two-step procedure to test whether plant response (release of volatiles) increases with herbivore dose or alternatively stays constant and high, yet becomes only zero in absence of herbivory.
Larval feeding-induced lima bean volatile emissions could mainly be divided into two categories: terpenes increased after the light was on and peaked in afternoon; while fatty acid-derived volatiles increased immediately when the larvae began feeding in early morning, and peaked in anticipation of photophase (Table S2).
Upon switching from 4 to 16 °C, production of volatiles increased and was stable within 1 day.
When temperature was restored to room temperature following varying times of cold storage, the abundance of most volatiles increased again, but generally not to the original levels.
For 'MxR_01', 10 volatiles showed significant differences (levels of 9 of the 10 volatiles increased) after shelf life, while for 'Granada', the levels of only four volatiles changed significantly (once again, they all increased) after shelf-life simulation.
Different trends in volatile evolution can be readily discovered by a simple inspection of the heatmap: the levels of some volatiles increased during ripening (Group I), while others decreased (Group II).
Second, catalysts decompose nonvolatile oligomers into volatile monomers, increasing the amount of volatile liquid species.
Among the hazards, the economy is burdened with volatile and increasing energy prices, further layoffs and rising long-term interest rates.
After a global rout in 2015, many analysts expect prices for commodities such as oil and metals to remain volatile this year, increasing uncertainty for China as a big producer and consumer of raw materials.
