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"Look at voice telephony," says Mr Khosla.
This military use was not extensive, and it made little material contribution to the development of voice telephony.
In the context of voice telephony, of course, this idea sounds outrageous, and Baran's proposals met with considerable hostility.
In telecoms, the EU has agreed to deregulate voice telephony by next year: this is the only remaining bit of the industry still protected by national monopolies.
Even before the telecoms bull market got going, it was clear that traditional voice telephony, and above all long-distance voice, would eventually become a difficult business.
On top of DSL, operators can sell extra features, just as on top of voice telephony they sell extras such as caller ID, call-waiting and voicemail.
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The figure shows the structure of a DSL network that relies on the "last mile" of the preexisting fixed-line voice-telephony network.
They must also target new growth engines, such as data transmission, to make up for saturated fixed-line voice-telephony markets.
This reliance of broadband rollout on traditional voice-telephony networks led to an uneven distribution of broadband Internet access within countries in the early years of the Internet era.
Since it is not random whether people have access to the Internet,38 Falck et al. (2016) exploit the fact that the copper wires of the traditional voice-telephony network connecting households with the main distribution frame (MDF) were upgraded in many countries to provide fast Internet access by means of the so-called DSL technology (see Fig. 1).
Specifically, in traditional telephone networks, the distance between a household and the main network node ("last mile") was irrelevant for the quality of voice-telephony services; however, when these networks became the basis for broadband Internet, the last-mile distance turned out to play a crucial role for broadband availability.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com